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作者:开建石 来源:原创 发布日期:08-23

你是我的姐妹

构建一座美国版“新城”,到底有多难?_我的网站

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一 |     

A view of the high-grade highway from Lhasa to Nyingchi in Southwest China's Xizang Autonomous Region Photo: VCG
    A view of the high-grade highway from Lhasa to Nyingchi in Southwest China's Xizang Autonomous Region Photo: VCG
Chinese experts on Sunday slammed India's latest move of identifying 27 locations in China's Zangnan area by their so-called standard names on its official map as self-deception, which runs counter to the improving momentum in bilateral relations and could complicate efforts to properly handle border issues. 
The Indian government on Friday said the updated Survey of India map included "four mountain passes and a high-altitude lake," and claimed that the move "is intended to ensure the correct identification of these places" and "improve public awareness of their geographical and historical significance," according to the Times of India.
The claim came shortly after the 36th meeting of the Working Mechanism for Consultation and Coordination on China-India Border Affairs (WMCC) was held on August 6 in New Delhi.
During the meeting, officials from both sides discussed issues including boundary delimitation, border management and control, mechanism building, and cross-border cooperation. They agreed to maintain communication through diplomatic and military channels and jointly safeguard peace and stability in the border areas, according to a statement released by the Chinese Foreign Ministry on Friday.
China has been carrying out standardization of geographical names in the region for a long time. At a time when China-India relations are showing signs of improvement and leaders from both countries are expected to engage through multilateral platforms, any unilateral action by India that escalates the border situation shows no point and will not serve the broader interests of bilateral relations, Qian Feng, director of the Research Department at Tsinghua University's National Strategy Institute, told the Global Times on Sunday.
Qian said India should avoid turning border issue into a larger dispute, as such actions could stifle the improving political ties between the two countries.
Consistent position
China's position on the Zangnan region is consistent. The area covers parts of Nyingchi and Shannan and is located in Southwest China's Xizang region, which has been China's territory since ancient times.
Since 2017, China's Ministry of Civil Affairs has released six batches of standardized names for locations in Zangnan, with a total of 112 names announced as of April 2026. These names cover villages, mountain passes, rivers and peaks, accompanied by standardized Chinese and Tibetan names as well as geographic coordinates.
The dispute over the region has a long historical background. The illegal "McMahon Line" drawn between China and India during the 1914 Simla Convention was never signed or recognized by successive Chinese governments and therefore has no legal validity.
After China's Ministry of Civil Affairs published the sixth batch of names that should be used for places in Zangnan region on April 10, two days later, the spokesperson for India's Ministry of External Affairs expressed rejection to China assigning names to places in so-called "Arunachal Pradesh," adding that these actions detract from ongoing efforts to stabilize bilateral ties. 
Chinese Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Guo Jiakun said at a routine press briefing on April 14 that Zangnan region is China's territory. China does not recognize the so-called "Arunachal Pradesh" illegally set up by India. It is fully within China's sovereign rights for the Chinese government to issue standard names for some of the places in Zangnan. 
China-India relations are generally stable at the moment. China's commitment to improving and growing China-India relations has not changed. We hope the two sides will work in the same direction and act more in ways conducive to bilateral relations, Guo stressed. 
India's latest naming of 27 locations is a unilateral administrative move and does not alter the legal status of the area, Guo Xuetang, a professor at the center for South Asia and Indian Ocean Studies under Shanghai International Studies University, told the Global Times.
According to Guo Xuetang, India's move is an attempt to strengthen its claim of control over the area and create additional leverage in future boundary negotiations. However, such actions have no practical meaning and will only undermine the atmosphere for negotiations between the two countries.
Not merely from the perspective of international law, Zangnan region has culturally, religiously and historically been connected within Xizang, with close links between local communities and civilization, the expert stressed. 
Positive momentum
Despite differences over the boundary issue, China and India have in recent months continued efforts to stabilize relations. In December 2024, China and India's representatives for boundary affairs reached a six-point consensus during talks.
Last week, the Nathu La Pass, which was closed for six years, officially resumed operations, signaling a new phase of mutually beneficial cooperation and development in cross-border trade.
During a meeting between Chinese Foreign Minister Wang Yi and Indian Foreign Minister Subrahmanyam Jaishankar on July 22 in Manila, the Philippines, Wang said China and India should consolidate the positive momentum in bilateral relations, and strengthen coordination and cooperation in international and regional affairs, while Jaishankar said India's positions on issues concerning Taiwan and Xizang have not changed, and that India respects China's sovereignty, Xinhua reported. 
In the past two years, leaders of China and India have met in Kazan, Russia, and Tianjin, China, and agreed that China and India are partners rather than rivals, and that their development should be viewed as opportunities rather than threats, Wang said. 
"India's latest move is essentially an attempt to reinforce its claims over disputed territory and counter China's sovereignty position, a move that amounts to self-deception. Unilateral name changes cannot alter the historical and legal facts surrounding the Zangnan region, nor can they shake China's resolve to safeguard its territorial sovereignty," Guo Xuetang said. 
The only way to resolve the China-India boundary issue is through equal negotiations and a fair settlement based on historical and legal principles, while unilateral actions that create tensions or change the status quo will only harm mutual trust and border stability, Guo said. 
。    如果你开车,从硅谷“首都”San Jose往北走个约120公里,就会来到一个宁静的农业县——索拉诺(Solano County)。                   在这里,一场可能是21世纪以来美国最雄心勃勃的城市建设实验正悄然拉开序幕……                    这个城市建设实验是一个名为“加州永久”(California Forever)的项目,背后出资的,包括Marc Andreessen、Laurene Powell Jobs等在内的科技巨佬,目标是在这片土地上“从0到1”地构建一座全新的城市。                   最近,索拉诺县的苏逊镇(Suisun City)提交了一份名为“苏逊东扩专项规划”(Suisun Expansion Specific Plan)的详尽方案。                   这份超过250页的规划蓝图,描绘了一个预计在40至50年内,容纳40万居民,创造数万个高薪制造业岗位的庞大愿景。它不仅是一份地产开发计划,更被其支持者,如城市规划专家Chris Elmendorf誉为一部“梦幻般”的城市设计教科书。

二 |                    今天,我们就来看看这个硅谷版本的“城市建设实验”。                   一、从神秘收购到战略转向                    故事要从2017年说起。                   当时一家名为Flannery Associates的空壳公司,开始在索拉诺县东部靠近特拉维斯空军基地(Travis Air Force Base)的地方悄无声息地收购农田,之后数年的时间里,他们累计投入超过8亿美元,购入60,000英亩土地,引发了从外国干预到军事阴谋的种种猜测。                   直到2023年8月,谜底揭晓:这背后是一群硅谷顶级投资人,他们的目标是建设一座全新的城市,以重塑“加州梦”。                             然而,这一宏伟蓝图要实现起来很难。                   因为索拉诺县自1984年起实施的《有序增长条例》(Orderly Growth Ordinance)规定,任何将县内农业用地转为城市开发的计划,都必须通过全县范围的选民公投。                   这个就难办了,即使大佬们拿出4亿美元作为居民购房补贴,当地的居民、环保组织还是不买账,他们担心这个庞大的项目会耗尽当地资源,加剧交通拥堵,影响本来宁静的生活方式。

三 |                    2024年4月的民调显示,高达70%的选民计划投下反对票。                   面对惨淡的民意,大佬们也不得不改变策略——他们想,与其强行推动一场胜算渺茫的全县公投,不如寻求与现有城市的合作。于是他们找到了索拉诺县下辖的苏逊镇(有人会翻译成苏逊市,但“镇”会更符合我们的理解)。

四 |                    注意,这是一个人口约3万、长期面临财政赤字和发展瓶颈的小镇。

五 |                    简言之,这个小镇缺钱。                   有弱点就好办事儿。大佬们给到小镇的提议很香:我们这片地要不“并入(annexation)”你们苏逊镇的城市范围?并入后,你们就能收税、提供服务,也能参与新城规划。

六 |                    口袋空空的苏逊镇听到自己啥事儿不干还能收一大笔税,当然很乐意。                   而这种方式只需获得苏逊市议会和索拉诺地方机构组建委员会(LAFCO)的批准即可——现在,两方都很happy,但这个“坑”还是存在的,后面咱们会聊到。                   二、一部“反常识”的城市规划教科书                    政治上的博弈说完了。                   我们来看看“苏逊镇东扩专项规划”的核心理念。                   这是一份在美国规划专业领域引发巨大震动的文件,彻底颠覆二战后主导美国城市形态的郊区蔓延模式。其规划细节展现了诸多源自“新都市主义”(New Urbanism)和“精明增长”(Smart Growth)的前沿理念。                   规划的核心,始于对城市最基本单元——街道与地块——的重新定义。                   方案彻底告别了宽阔马路和前院草坪所定义的低密度景观,转而采用了“窄面宽、深进深”的地块划分模式。

七 |                    这种设计鼓励建造联排别墅、叠拼公寓等高密度住宅形态,通过减少建筑间的横向距离,自然而然地形成连续的、富有人情味的街道界面。                   车辆的停放与通行也被引导至住宅后方的巷道系统,这一精巧的“前人后车”分离设计,将街道从单纯的交通管道中解放出来,使其回归为邻里交往、儿童嬉戏和社区活动的公共客厅。                   在此基础上,规划祭出了一系列堪称激进的“去管制化”策略。                   其中最为革命性的一项,便是彻底取消住宅项目的最低停车位配建要求。这一改动看似简单,但实则撬动了整个城市开发的底层逻辑。                   要知道,在美国,昂贵的停车位建设成本(尤其是地下车库)是推高房价、扼杀小户型开发和阻碍旧建筑活化的关键因素。通过移除这一枷锁,规划极大地降低了住房建设的门槛,为提供更多元、更可负担的住房选择创造了可能。                   同时,规划除了对重工业区进行限制外,几乎允许在城市的任何角落开设零售商店、咖啡馆和小型办公室。

八 |                    这种广泛的混合用地授权,旨在培育一种“有机生长”的城市肌理,让商业与服务像毛细血管一样渗透到社区的每个角落,从而构建出自给自足、充满活力的“15分钟生活圈”,彻底终结“睡城”与商业区之间钟摆式的潮汐交通。                   当然,支撑这一高密度、无车化生活愿景的,是其公共交通网络规划。                   方案设计了一个精妙的分层路网体系,将不同的出行方式进行梳理与引导。

九 |                    城市的基底是由公园、绿道和专用步道构成的“绿色慢行网络”,确保居民可以安全、惬意地穿行于自然与社区之间。                   社区内部则以“慢速共享街道”为主,汽车在这里必须降速缓行,行人和骑行者拥有绝对的优先权。                   规划还承诺,在城市建成区内,每隔半英里,无论东西向还是南北向,都将有一条高频次的BRT线路穿行而过。

十 |                    这种前所未有的网络密度,意味着几乎所有居民都能在步行5分钟的范围内到达一个便捷的公交站点——这是硅谷真正的TOD,使得依赖公共交通出行不仅成为一种可能,更将成为一种比驾车更高效、更舒适的选择。                   三、亮点与启发                    “加州永久”项目超越了一般的房地产开发,它更像是一场关于城市未来的大规模实验。

十一 |                    其规划方案之所以能够引来专业人士的普遍赞誉,因为它不仅为解决加州乃至全美面临的城市病提出了具体方案,更重要的是,它展示了一种久违的、敢于进行系统性创新的精神。                   首先,它是美国版的真·TOD。

十二 |                    在美国项目实践中,许多所谓的TOD项目仅仅是在轨道交通站点周边进行高强度开发,而忽略了更广泛区域的连接性,最终沦为一个个交通拥堵的孤岛。                   而“加州永久”的规划逻辑恰恰相反,它将密集、网格化的BRT系统作为城市空间结构的生成骨架,先有“廊道”再有“填充”,确保城市肌体的每一寸都沐浴在公共交通的便利之中。                   这种“公交优先”理念的彻底贯彻,为如何在新区开发中真正摆脱对小汽车的依赖,提供了一条清晰且极具说服力的路径。                   其次,该规划为破解住房可负担性危机提供了一套“组合拳”。                   其实,美国高昂的房价不仅是金融问题,更是空间规划问题的直接产物。                   通过推行“窄地块”以降低土地成本,通过鼓励“缺失的中间住房”形态以丰富市场供给,再通过取消强制性的停车位配建来削减建设成本——这一系列环环相扣的设计,可以做到在不牺牲生活品质的前提下,大规模地提供成本更低、选择更多元的住房产品。

十三 |                    这对于那些深陷住房危机,却又受困于传统郊区住宅开发模式的城市而言,无疑具有极大的借鉴意义。                   再者,它有力地倡导了“产城融合”的复兴。                   二战后的城市规划理论过分强调功能分区,导致了工业区、居住区和商业区的严格分离,其后果便是漫长的通勤、衰败的工业遗迹和缺乏活力的“睡城”。

十四 |                    “加州永久”的方案则旗帜鲜明地主张将高质量的就业机会带回社区:                    索拉诺铸造厂(Solano Foundry):规划中的大型先进制造业园区,旨在吸引半导体、清洁能源等高附加值产业,响应美国制造业回流的宏观趋势。                        索拉诺造船厂(Solano Shipyard):利用当地的临水优势,计划复兴海事制造业,创造大量蓝领就业机会。

十五 |                         军民融合:规划特别划设了巨大的“特拉维斯保护区”,不仅为特拉维斯空军基地提供了安全缓冲,还计划为军事人员及其家属提供住房和就业机会,这是一个非常务实且高明的政治策略。                        这种将生产空间与生活空间在更高层次上的重新整合,不仅能够创造一个更为高效、低碳的经济循环,更能构建一个生产、生活与生态高度融合的新型城市范本。                   最后,或许也是最重要的一点,是它对现有城市治理与法规体系的挑战——美国过去数十年一直维持着僵化、保守的区划法规(Zoning Ordinance),而此次规划它用一套灵活、务实且以人为本的规则,展示了当城市摆脱了那些不合时宜的管制(如停车位下限、单一用地限制)后,能够释放出多么巨大的创新活力。                   从这个意义上说,“加州永久”不仅仅是在建设一座新城,更是在为一场席卷全美的城市规划法规改革运动做准备!                    四、理想与现实的鸿沟                    尽管蓝图无比诱人,但从图纸走向现实的道路上,还只是万里长征第一步呢!                    首先是——“密度飞轮”如何启动?                    这是所有新城项目面临的“鸡生蛋,蛋生鸡”难题。高密度的城市形态需要完善的公共交通和商业配套来支撑,而这些配套设施又需要足够的人口密度才能维持运营。

十六 |                    项目初期,如果无法吸引足够的居民和企业入驻,开发商可能会屈服于市场压力,转而建造低密度、更易销售的传统郊区住宅,这将从根本上瓦解整个规划的愿景。

十七 |                    其二,上文我们说到了项目的政治博弈。              通过并入苏逊市,项目看似找到了捷径,但这也带来了新的复杂度:一个40万人口的新区,将如何与仅有3万人口的“老城”共存?                    未来的税收如何分配?                    新区居民的政治诉求如何表达?                    这些问题都考验着地方政府的治理智慧。                   同时,项目仍需面对来自环保组织、周边社区乃至县政府的持续反对和法律挑战。

十八 | 比如《加州环境质量法案》(CEQA)是悬在加州所有大型开发项目头上的“达摩克利斯之剑”。而像“加州永久”这样体量巨大、在“绿地”上进行开发的争议性项目,几乎注定会遭遇连绵不绝的CEQA诉讼。                   还有具体的基础设施与区域协调的难题。

十九 |               一个40万人口的城市,对水、电、交通等基础设施的需求是巨大的,也需要跨区域跨部门来一起解决问题,在这个过程中,按照美国的调性,县、州乃至联邦层面的多个机构肯定会进行漫长而复杂的协调与谈判,这就远非项目方自身所能完全掌控的了。                   遥想加州高铁的困境,本质上是公共领域大型项目在民主政治和官僚体系下的“慢性消耗死亡”。它的失败是资金链的断裂、政治共识的瓦解和跨机构协调的失灵,那加州永久会不会重蹈覆辙呢?                    当然,这是一场关乎未来的城市实验。当代美国面临的多重困境:昂贵的住房、僵化的法规、衰退的制造业、以及对“大建大业”能力的集体性怀疑。

|                    本质上,加州永久是一场由科技资本主导的,试图用理性规划和前沿理念解决复杂社会问题的宏大社会实验。                   特别让我们期待的是,这是硅谷力量从数字世界向物理世界的一次投射。科技精英们是否真的能如他们所宣称的那样,“让世界变得更美好”,还是仅仅将资本的逻辑生硬地移植到复杂的城市生态之中?                    苏逊镇已经受理了这份申请,环境影响评估和一系列的公开听证会即将展开。

|                    可以预计的是,未来数月乃至数年,支持者与反对者之间的博弈将进入白热化阶段。

| 无论“加州永久”最终是拔地而起,成为一座充满活力的未来之城,还是在无尽的争议和诉讼中搁浅,这场实验本身都迫使我们重新思考:                    在当今这个时代,我们想要什么样的城市?我们又是否有能力去实现它?。

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